{"id":33236,"date":"2024-09-23T17:42:25","date_gmt":"2024-09-23T17:42:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.writemyessays.app\/blog\/questions\/1-summarizedone-article-on-the-topic-of-tarasoffs-duties-share-with-your-classmates-and-professors-how-would-you-integrate-the-findings-of-the-article-in-your-practice\/"},"modified":"2024-09-23T17:42:25","modified_gmt":"2024-09-23T17:42:25","slug":"1-summarizedone-article-on-the-topic-of-tarasoffs-duties-share-with-your-classmates-and-professors-how-would-you-integrate-the-findings-of-the-article-in-your-practice","status":"publish","type":"questions","link":"https:\/\/www.writemyessays.app\/blog\/questions\/1-summarizedone-article-on-the-topic-of-tarasoffs-duties-share-with-your-classmates-and-professors-how-would-you-integrate-the-findings-of-the-article-in-your-practice\/","title":{"rendered":"1-Summarizedone article on the topic of Tarasoff&#8217;s duties.  Share with your classmates and professors how would you integrate the findings of the article in your practice."},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"font-size: 13px; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\">\n<header style=\"padding: 14px 0px 10px; cursor: auto;\" data-section=\"Header\">\n<div style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding-left: 1.5rem; padding-right: 1.5rem; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\"><a style=\"margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 13px; cursor: auto;\" data-ga-label=\"NIH NLM Logo\" data-ga-action=\"click_image\" aria-label=\"NCBI Logo\"><\/a><\/div>\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\"><a style=\"margin: 1rem 0.3rem; padding: 0.5rem; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1; cursor: auto;\" data-ga-label=\"account_menu\" data-ga-action=\"open_menu\">Log in<\/a><\/div>\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/header>\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-label=\"access keys\"><a style=\"cursor: auto;\">Access keys<\/a><a style=\"cursor: auto;\">NCBI Homepage<\/a><a style=\"cursor: auto;\">MyNCBI Homepage<\/a><a style=\"cursor: auto;\">Main Content<\/a><a style=\"cursor: auto;\">Main Navigation<\/a><\/div>\n<section style=\"cursor: auto;\" data-section=\"Alerts\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\"><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 1.231em; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"padding-top: 0.4em; cursor: auto;\">\n<h1 style=\"font-size: 1.3846em; line-height: 1.5; cursor: auto; color: rgb(205, 205, 205);\"><a style=\"padding: 0.3em 0px; cursor: auto;\">Bookshelf<\/a><\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"margin: 0px 0px 0px 13.539em; padding: 1.2em 0px 0.7em; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\"><label style=\"cursor: auto; color: inherit;\">Search database<\/label><optgroup style=\"padding-left: 0.2em; cursor: auto;\">Books<\/optgroup><optgroup style=\"padding-left: 0.2em; cursor: auto;\">All DatabasesAssemblyBiocollectionsBioProjectBioSampleBooksClinVarConserved DomainsdbGaPdbVarGeneGenomeGEO DataSetsGEO ProfilesGTRIdentical Protein GroupsMedGenMeSHNLM CatalogNucleotideOMIMPMCPopSetProteinProtein ClustersProtein Family ModelsPubChem BioAssayPubChem CompoundPubChem SubstancePubMedSNPSRAStructureTaxonomyToolKitToolKitAllToolKitBookgh<\/optgroup><\/p>\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\"><label style=\"cursor: auto; color: inherit;\">Search term<\/label><\/p>\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"margin-right: 0.2em; padding: 2px 20px 2px 2px; cursor: auto;\"><a style=\"margin-top: -7px; cursor: auto;\"><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Search<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin: 0.2em 0px 0px 9.6em; cursor: auto;\">\n<li style=\"margin-right: 1.2em; cursor: auto;\"><a style=\"cursor: auto;\">Browse Titles<\/a><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-right: 1.2em; cursor: auto;\"><a style=\"cursor: auto;\">Advanced<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-right: 6em; cursor: auto;\"><a style=\"cursor: auto;\">Help<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"cursor: auto;\"><a style=\"cursor: auto;\" data-ga-label=\"disclaimer_link\" data-ga-action=\"link_click\" data-ga-category=\"literature_resources\">Disclaimer<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 13px; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"margin: 0px 1.3em; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"margin-right: 11.6562px; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"margin: 0px 0px 1.3846em; cursor: auto;\"><a style=\"margin-right: 1em; cursor: auto;\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\">\n<h2 style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.2307em; line-height: 1.125; cursor: auto; color: rgb(205, 205, 205);\">StatPearls [Internet].<\/h2>\n<p><a style=\"padding-left: 16px; cursor: auto;\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-jig=\"ncbitoggler\"><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">Show details<\/span><span style=\"margin-top: -0.25em; cursor: auto;\"><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<div style=\"line-height: 1.3; cursor: auto;\" aria-live=\"assertive\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"margin: 0.6923em 0px; cursor: auto;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\"><label style=\"cursor: auto; color: inherit;\">Search term<\/label><\/p>\n<div style=\"padding: 2px 20px 2px 2px; cursor: auto;\"><a style=\"margin-left: 2px; margin-top: -7px; cursor: auto;\"><\/a><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 1.2307em; line-height: 1.375; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 0.8125em; line-height: 1.3846; cursor: auto;\">\n<h1 style=\"margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.5384em; line-height: 1.35em; cursor: auto; color: rgb(205, 205, 205);\"><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">Duty to Warn<\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.6923em 0px; cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">Olga Gorshkalova<\/span>;<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">Sunil Munakomi<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p><a style=\"padding-left: 16px; font-size: 12.9993px; cursor: auto;\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-jig=\"ncbitoggler\"><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">Author Information and Affiliations<\/span><span style=\"margin-top: -0.25em; cursor: auto;\"><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<div style=\"font-size: 12.9993px; line-height: 1.3; cursor: auto;\" aria-live=\"assertive\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.6923em 0px; font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; cursor: auto;\">Last Update:<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">August 28, 2023<\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"margin: 1.3846em 0px; cursor: auto;\" data-jigconfig=\"allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 0.86666em; cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"cursor: auto;\"><a style=\"margin-right: 3px; padding-right: 17px; cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Go to:<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<h2 style=\"margin: 1.125em 0px 0.5625em; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.1111em; cursor: auto; color: inherit;\">Definition\/Introduction<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.6923em 0px; cursor: auto;\">Confidentiality plays a critical role in patient care; however, there may be special circumstances where confidentiality must be breached in order to not only ensure the safety of the patient but also to protect third parties. This concept of \u2018duty to warn\u2019 stems from California Supreme Court case of<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><i style=\"cursor: auto;\">Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California<\/i><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span>that took place in the 1970s and comprised of two rulings known as the Tarasoff I (1974) and Tarasoff II (1976).<a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r1\">[1]<\/a><a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r2\">[2]<\/a><a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r3\">[3]<\/a><a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r4\">[4]<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.6923em 0px; cursor: auto;\">In the fall of 1968, a man named Prosenjit Poddar, who was a student at the University of California at Berkeley, met a woman named Tatiana Tarasoff at a dance class. Ms. Tarasoff kissed Mr. Poddar on New Year\u2019s Eve of 1968. Mr. Poddar took a liking to Ms. Tarasoff; however, she did not reciprocate. Mr. Poddar began struggling mentally regarding the circumstances and began seeing a counselor at Cowell Memorial Hospital at the recommendation of a friend in 1969.&nbsp;<a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r2\">[2]<\/a><a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r5\">[5]<\/a><a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r6\">[6]<\/a>&nbsp;During a counseling session in August of 1969, Mr. Poddar disclosed to his psychologist, Dr. Lawrence Moore, that he was going to kill Ms. Tarasoff. Dr. Moore notified the campus police and requested that they bring Mr. Poddar to a nearby hospital to initiate an involuntary examination. The campus police interviewed Mr. Poddar but released him shortly after. When the Director of Psychiatry, Dr. Harvey Powelson, learned of the events, he demanded the destruction of all clinical notes as well as the letter which was sent to the campus police by Dr. Moore regarding Mr. Poddar. Ms. Tarasoff returned to the U.S. from her trip in October and on October 27th of 1969, Mr. Poddar arrived at the home of Ms. Tarasoff, shot her with a pellet gun and stabbed her numerous times. Authorities subsequently charged him with 2nd-degree murder; however, five years following these events, Mr. Poddar was released provided that he return to India, his home country, immediately. The parents of Ms. Tarasoff filed a lawsuit against the University of California, resulting in the Tarasoff I decision which required mental health providers to warn potential victims.<a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r5\">[5]<\/a><a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r3\">[3]<\/a>&nbsp;Following a rehearing of the case in 1976, Tarasoff II established not only a duty to warn potential victims by clinicians, but also to take reasonable precautions to protect these third parties of the significant danger posed by patients.<a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r2\">[2]<\/a><a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r5\">[5]<\/a><a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r3\">[3]<\/a>&nbsp;A famous quote made by Justice Tobriner that summarized the decision stated: \u201cThe protective privilege ends where the public peril begins.\u201d<a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r5\">[5]<\/a><a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r3\">[3]<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.6923em 0px; cursor: auto;\">There have been other extensions to the duty to protect third parties such as in the instances where a patient should not be operating a motor vehicle as a result of certain conditions, patient notification of medication side effects as well as risks of a procedure, and when a patient may transmit an infectious disease to the public.<a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r5\">[5]<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.6923em 0px; cursor: auto;\">The American Psychiatric Association established guidelines for physicians on the \u2018duty to protect\u2019 in 1987. The guidelines state that a patient must express a clear threat of killing or significantly injuring a specific (or at least a reasonably identified victim), voice threats of destruction of property that may place others in danger, express intent, and also possess the ability to execute the threat. The provider must take reasonable precautions of protecting third parties such as notifying the identifiable victim(s), notifying the police, or hospitalizing the patient voluntarily\/involuntarily. There have been no established standard legal guidelines for assessing the risk to third parties.<a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r5\">[5]<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.6923em 0px; cursor: auto;\">It is important to note that the meaning of the term \u201cconfidentiality\u201d is not the same as \u201cprivilege.\u201d Confidentiality refers to an ethical concept which declares that clinicians must keep patients\u2019 information private unless the patient (or legally appointed surrogate decision maker) provides consent for that information to be disclosed, a court order is made by a judge requesting a release of information, the (minimum necessary) information must be communicated for continued treatment of the patient such as in cases of civil commitment, and finally when mandatory reporting is required such as in suspected child abuse or the Tarasoff warning.<a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r7\">[7]<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.6923em 0px; cursor: auto;\">The term \u201cprivilege\u201d is a legal term and is the right of a patient to withhold any communication with their clinician from court proceedings as long as the communication was confidential and free of presence or knowledge by third parties.<a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r8\">[8]<\/a><a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r7\">[7]<\/a>&nbsp;As a result, the clinician cannot testify in court about the communication that was made between them and the patient unless the patient waves their right to privilege. There are, however, several exceptions to privilege. These include legal proceedings where the defendant raises the issue of their mental health, involuntary hospitalizations, and where a judge orders an evaluation.<a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r8\">[8]<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.6923em 0px; cursor: auto;\">The federal laws of the patient-psychotherapist privilege were set in place in 1996 following a U.S. Supreme Court case of<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><i style=\"cursor: auto;\">Jaffee v. Redmond<\/i><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span>where the plaintiff requested psychotherapy notes of a police officer (the defendant) who lethally shot a man. The court concluded that privilege applied to patient-psychotherapist communication because the communication was (1) confidential, (2) with a licensed psychotherapist, and (3) occurred at the time of therapy.<a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r8\">[8]<\/a>&nbsp;The judge on the case of<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><i style=\"cursor: auto;\">Jaffee v Redmond<\/i>, Justice Stevens, added a footnote (nineteen) which allowed for an exception to the patient-psychotherapist privilege in the instances where disclosure of information may prevent a significant risk of harm to patient or others which became known as the \u201cdangerous patient exception.\u201d The exceptions to the psychotherapist-patient privilege include the dangerous patient exception, the patient-litigant exception\/malpractice lawsuits, and when the patient discloses plans to commit crime\/fraud or asks the clinician for assistance to avert the punishment of a crime already committed.<a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r8\">[8]<\/a><a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r9\">[9]<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.6923em 0px; cursor: auto;\">Other important laws concerning mandatory reporting are patients with gunshot wounds, elder abuse or neglect, and child abuse or neglect.<a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r10\">[10]<\/a><a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r11\">[11]<\/a>&nbsp; Estimates are that up to 10% of elderly suffer some form of abuse or neglect, and many states implemented mandatory reporting laws of elder abuse following the Older Americans Act (1975).<a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r10\">[10]<\/a>&nbsp;The prevalence of child abuse is even higher, with the most common type of maltreatment being emotional abuse and neglect. The year 1963 saw the establishment of the first laws for mandatory reporting of child abuse in the U.S. in 1963, and in 1974, Congress passed the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act which resulted in the creation of programs for child protection.<a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r12\">[12]<\/a><a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r13\">[13]<\/a>&nbsp;Reporting a suspected abuse generally involves calling the abuse hotline or filling out a form online. Failing to report abuse may result in a misdemeanor penalized with a fine as well as a possible civil action against the mandatory reporter. [9] The commonly mandated reporters for child abuse are teachers, school workers, physicians, social workers, mental health care providers, individuals working in childcare, law enforcement, coroners\/medical examiners as well as other health care employees.<a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r13\">[13]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 0.86666em; cursor: auto;\"><a style=\"margin-right: 3px; padding-right: 17px; cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Go to:<\/a><\/div>\n<h2 style=\"margin: 1.125em 0px 0.5625em; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.1111em; cursor: auto; color: inherit;\">Issues of Concern<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.6923em 0px; cursor: auto;\">Many states have established a Tarasoff warning. However, there is wide variability in guidelines of reporting both between and within states.<a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r2\">[2]<\/a><a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r14\">[14]<\/a>&nbsp;Twenty-three states (AZ, CA, CO, ID, IN, KY, LA, MD, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NH, NJ, OH, OK, TN, UT, VA, WA) have statutorily mandated reporting laws, ten states (AL, DE, GA, HI, IA, NC, SC, PA, SD, VT, WI) &nbsp;have the duty to warn as a common law, eleven states (AK, CT, Washington D.C., FL, IL, NY, OR, RI, TX, WV, WY) are permissive in regards to duty to warn, and six states (AR, KS, ME, NV, NM, ND) have no guidance regarding the Tarasoff warning.<a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r2\">[2]<\/a>&nbsp; It is crucial for all clinicians to know the laws in the state that they practice in as there are significant legal variations from state to state.<a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r1\">[1]<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.6923em 0px; cursor: auto;\">Providers may have concerns regarding lawsuits which may lead to increased involuntary commitments, but something to keep in mind is that majority of states require the patient to voice a clear threat, the potential victim to be identifiable and be in imminent danger for the duty to warn to apply.<a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r5\">[5]<\/a><a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r2\">[2]<\/a><a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r15\">[15]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 0.86666em; cursor: auto;\"><a style=\"margin-right: 3px; padding-right: 17px; cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Go to:<\/a><\/div>\n<h2 style=\"margin: 1.125em 0px 0.5625em; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.1111em; cursor: auto; color: inherit;\">Clinical Significance<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.6923em 0px; cursor: auto;\">Providers treat many patients daily and as a result, may encounter cases where ethical and legal concerns may arise. Some important things to keep in mind that may help assess the risk are to review patient\u2019s past medical records, obtain collateral information if possible, evaluate for a history of violence, and get a second opinion. There are several ways to approach a patient who verbalizes threats such as increasing frequency of appointments, having patient\u2019s firearms\/weapons removed from their home, increasing\/starting a medication, hospitalization or partial hospitalization programs, or involving third parties\/family into the treatment.<a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r8\">[8]<\/a><a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r5\">[5]<\/a>&nbsp; If options mentioned above do not seem feasible, it is generally recommended to disclose to the patient, if possible, that the identifiable victim and\/or the police will receive notification of the threat.<a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r2\">[2]<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.6923em 0px; cursor: auto;\">Discussing the limits of confidentiality and mandatory reporting in certain situations with patients at the time of the visit is also imperative.<a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r5\">[5]<\/a>&nbsp;Professionals who perform court-ordered evaluations must provide a<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><i style=\"cursor: auto;\">Lamb<\/i><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span>warning to the individuals they are evaluating, notifying them that the communication between the individual and the professional is not confidential.<a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r8\">[8]<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.6923em 0px; cursor: auto;\">Ultimately, if uncertainty remains, the clinician may consult a colleague, supervisor, or an attorney, especially in the states with permissive duty to warn or states with limited legal guidance on the matter.<a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r7\">[7]<\/a><a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r15\">[15]<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.6923em 0px; cursor: auto;\">The cornerstone lies in the fact that the role of a doctor is not limited merely within the fiduciary confinement of &#8216;autonomy&#8217; and thereby privileged communications, but he also should strive for ascertaining his moral ethics under &#8216;beneficence&#8217; and &#8216;nonmaleficence.&#8217;<a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r16\">[16]<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.6923em 0px; cursor: auto;\">One author has nicely summarised the conditions for excepting the duty of confidentiality as &#8216;5 C&#8217;s&#8217;. These are, namely<a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r7\">[7]<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"cursor: auto;\">\n<li style=\"margin: 0.6923em 0px; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\"><b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\">C<\/b>onsent- from the patient, legalized next to the kin or advance medical directive.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin: 0.6923em 0px; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\"><b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\">C<\/b>ontinued treatment- as privileged health pieces of information. Also valid in genetic disorders and hereditary cancers.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin: 0.6923em 0px; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\"><b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\">C<\/b>ourt order<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin: 0.6923em 0px; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\"><b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\">C<\/b>omply with the law- in cases of child abuse, an outbreak of communicable diseases.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin: 0.6923em 0px; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\"><b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\">C<\/b>ommunicate a threat- in cases of a foreseeable act of perils.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.6923em 0px; cursor: auto;\">The author also suggested &#8216;DEAL&#8217; algorithm to counteract the potential confidential issues through careful analysis of<a style=\"cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-bk-pop-href=\"#article-20775.r7\">[7]<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"cursor: auto;\">\n<li style=\"margin: 0.6923em 0px; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\"><b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\">D<\/b>uty- privilege obligations vs. moral bounds<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin: 0.6923em 0px; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\"><b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\">E<\/b>xceptions- the above mentioned &nbsp;5 C&#8217;s<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin: 0.6923em 0px; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\"><b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\">A<\/b>sk for help<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin: 0.6923em 0px; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\"><b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\">L<\/b>egal status pertaining to the same<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 0.86666em; cursor: auto;\"><a style=\"margin-right: 3px; padding-right: 17px; cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Go to:<\/a><\/div>\n<h2 style=\"margin: 1.125em 0px 0.5625em; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.1111em; cursor: auto; color: inherit;\">Review Questions<\/h2>\n<ul style=\"cursor: auto;\">\n<li style=\"margin: 0.6923em 0px; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\"><a style=\"cursor: auto;\">Access free multiple choice questions on this topic.<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin: 0.6923em 0px; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\"><a style=\"cursor: auto;\">Comment on this article.<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 0.86666em; cursor: auto;\"><a style=\"margin-right: 3px; padding-right: 17px; cursor: auto;\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Go to:<\/a><\/div>\n<h2 style=\"margin: 1.125em 0px 0.5625em; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.1111em; cursor: auto; color: inherit;\">References<\/h2>\n<dl style=\"margin: 0.6923em 0px; cursor: auto;\">\n<dt style=\"margin-right: 0.8em; cursor: auto;\">1.<\/dt>\n<dd style=\"margin-left: 1em; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\">Kachigian C, Felthous AR. Court responses to Tarasoff statutes.<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">J Am Acad Psychiatry Law.<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/span>2004;<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">32<\/span>(3):263-73.<\/span><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span>[<a style=\"cursor: auto;\">PubMed<\/a>]<\/div>\n<\/dd>\n<dt style=\"margin-right: 0.8em; cursor: auto;\">2.<\/dt>\n<dd style=\"margin-left: 1em; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\">Johnson R, Persad G, Sisti D. The Tarasoff rule: the implications of interstate variation and gaps in professional training.<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">J Am Acad Psychiatry Law.<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/span>2014;<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">42<\/span>(4):469-77.<\/span><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span>[<a style=\"cursor: auto;\">PubMed<\/a>]<\/div>\n<\/dd>\n<dt style=\"margin-right: 0.8em; cursor: auto;\">3.<\/dt>\n<dd style=\"margin-left: 1em; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\">Felthous AR. Warning a potential victim of a person&#8217;s dangerousness: clinician&#8217;s duty or victim&#8217;s right?<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">J Am Acad Psychiatry Law.<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/span>2006;<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">34<\/span>(3):338-48.<\/span><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span>[<a style=\"cursor: auto;\">PubMed<\/a>]<\/div>\n<\/dd>\n<dt style=\"margin-right: 0.8em; cursor: auto;\">4.<\/dt>\n<dd style=\"margin-left: 1em; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\">Soulier MF, Maislen A, Beck JC. Status of the psychiatric duty to protect, circa 2006.<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">J Am Acad Psychiatry Law.<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/span>2010;<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">38<\/span>(4):457-73.<\/span><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span>[<a style=\"cursor: auto;\">PubMed<\/a>]<\/div>\n<\/dd>\n<dt style=\"margin-right: 0.8em; cursor: auto;\">5.<\/dt>\n<dd style=\"margin-left: 1em; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\">Buckner F, Firestone M. &#8220;Where the public peril begins&#8221;. 25 years after Tarasoff.<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">J Leg Med.<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/span>2000 Jun;<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">21<\/span>(2):187-222.<\/span><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span>[<a style=\"cursor: auto;\">PubMed<\/a>]<\/div>\n<\/dd>\n<dt style=\"margin-right: 0.8em; cursor: auto;\">6.<\/dt>\n<dd style=\"margin-left: 1em; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\">Rothstein MA. Tarasoff Duties after Newtown.<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">J Law Med Ethics.<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/span>2014 Spring;<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">42<\/span>(1):104-9.<\/span><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span>[<a style=\"cursor: auto;\">PubMed<\/a>]<\/div>\n<\/dd>\n<dt style=\"margin-right: 0.8em; cursor: auto;\">7.<\/dt>\n<dd style=\"margin-left: 1em; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\">Merideth P. The Five C&#8217;s of Confidentiality and How to DEAL with Them.<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">Psychiatry (Edgmont).<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/span>2007 Feb;<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">4<\/span>(2):28-9.<\/span><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span>[<a style=\"cursor: auto;\">PMC free article<\/a>] [<a style=\"cursor: auto;\">PubMed<\/a>]<\/div>\n<\/dd>\n<dt style=\"margin-right: 0.8em; cursor: auto;\">8.<\/dt>\n<dd style=\"margin-left: 1em; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\">Klinka E. It&#8217;s been a privilege: advising patients of the Tarasoff duty and its legal consequences for the federal psychotherapist-patient privilege.<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">Fordham Law Rev.<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/span>2009 Nov;<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">78<\/span>(2):863-931.<\/span><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span>[<a style=\"cursor: auto;\">PubMed<\/a>]<\/div>\n<\/dd>\n<dt style=\"margin-right: 0.8em; cursor: auto;\">9.<\/dt>\n<dd style=\"margin-left: 1em; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\">Appelbaum PS. Privilege in the Federal Courts: should there be a &#8220;dangerous patient exception&#8221;?<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">Psychiatr Serv.<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/span>2008 Jul;<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">59<\/span>(7):714-6.<\/span><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span>[<a style=\"cursor: auto;\">PubMed<\/a>]<\/div>\n<\/dd>\n<dt style=\"margin-right: 0.8em; cursor: auto;\">10.<\/dt>\n<dd style=\"margin-left: 1em; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\">Rodr\u00edguez MA, Wallace SP, Woolf NH, Mangione CM. Mandatory reporting of elder abuse: between a rock and a hard place.<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">Ann Fam Med.<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/span>2006 Sep-Oct;<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">4<\/span>(5):403-9.<\/span><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span>[<a style=\"cursor: auto;\">PMC free article<\/a>] [<a style=\"cursor: auto;\">PubMed<\/a>]<\/div>\n<\/dd>\n<dt style=\"margin-right: 0.8em; cursor: auto;\">11.<\/dt>\n<dd style=\"margin-left: 1em; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\">Jones JW, McCullough LB. Limits of confidentiality: to disclose or not to disclose.<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">J Vasc Surg.<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/span>2013 Aug;<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">58<\/span>(2):521-3.<\/span><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span>[<a style=\"cursor: auto;\">PubMed<\/a>]<\/div>\n<\/dd>\n<dt style=\"margin-right: 0.8em; cursor: auto;\">12.<\/dt>\n<dd style=\"margin-left: 1em; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\">McTavish JR, Kimber M, Devries K, Colombini M, MacGregor JCD, Wathen CN, Agarwal A, MacMillan HL. Mandated reporters&#8217; experiences with reporting child maltreatment: a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies.<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">BMJ Open.<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/span>2017 Oct 16;<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">7<\/span>(10):e013942.<\/span><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span>[<a style=\"cursor: auto;\">PMC free article<\/a>] [<a style=\"cursor: auto;\">PubMed<\/a>]<\/div>\n<\/dd>\n<dt style=\"margin-right: 0.8em; cursor: auto;\">13.<\/dt>\n<dd style=\"margin-left: 1em; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\">Kapoor R, Zonana H. Forensic evaluations and mandated reporting of child abuse.<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">J Am Acad Psychiatry Law.<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/span>2010;<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">38<\/span>(1):49-56.<\/span><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span>[<a style=\"cursor: auto;\">PubMed<\/a>]<\/div>\n<\/dd>\n<dt style=\"margin-right: 0.8em; cursor: auto;\">14.<\/dt>\n<dd style=\"margin-left: 1em; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\">Gutheil TG, Brodsky A. Commentary: Tarasoff duties arising from a forensic independent medical examination.<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">J Am Acad Psychiatry Law.<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/span>2010;<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">38<\/span>(1):57-60.<\/span><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span>[<a style=\"cursor: auto;\">PubMed<\/a>]<\/div>\n<\/dd>\n<dt style=\"margin-right: 0.8em; cursor: auto;\">15.<\/dt>\n<dd style=\"margin-left: 1em; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\">Fox PK. Commentary: so the pendulum swings&#8211;making sense of the duty to protect.<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">J Am Acad Psychiatry Law.<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/span>2010;<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">38<\/span>(4):474-8.<\/span><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span>[<a style=\"cursor: auto;\">PubMed<\/a>]<\/div>\n<\/dd>\n<dt style=\"margin-right: 0.8em; cursor: auto;\">16.<\/dt>\n<dd style=\"margin-left: 1em; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\">Jahn WT. The 4 basic ethical principles that apply to forensic activities are respect for autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice.<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">J Chiropr Med.<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/span>2011 Sep;<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">10<\/span>(3):225-6.<\/span><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span>[<a style=\"cursor: auto;\">PMC free article<\/a>] [<a style=\"cursor: auto;\">PubMed<\/a>].<\/div>\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\">\n<ol style=\"margin-bottom: 1rem; font-size: 14.99955px; cursor: auto;\">\n<li style=\"cursor: auto;\">Please search the MRU virtual library and summarize one article on the topic of Tarasoff&#8217;s duties.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<li style=\"cursor: auto;\">Share with your classmates and professors how would you integrate the findings of the article in your practice.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 1rem; font-size: 14.99955px; cursor: auto;\"><br style=\"cursor: auto;\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 1rem; font-size: 14.99955px; cursor: auto;\">The student provides a substantive response to the discussion question or topic on Thursday day and posts a&nbsp;minimum<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;of two additional responses<\/span>&nbsp;to peers on another day(s). The answers to classmates must be posted by Sunday, 11:59 pm Eastern Time. We expect each student to participate in the discussion board in a respectful manner.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14.99955px; cursor: auto;\">Remember that a new discussion rubric was approved by the professors, committee members, and a majority of the students. Please review the rubric before posting to ensure a maximum of points.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 1rem; font-size: 14.99955px; cursor: auto;\">\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 1rem; font-size: 14.99955px; cursor: auto;\">Here are the categories of the new discussion rubric:<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 1rem; font-size: 14.99955px; cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">Initial Post<\/span>&nbsp;relevance to the topic of discussion, applicability, and insight. (20%)<br style=\"cursor: auto;\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 1rem; font-size: 14.99955px; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 14.99955px; cursor: auto;\">\n<table style=\"cursor: auto;\">\n<tbody style=\"cursor: auto;\">\n<tr style=\"cursor: auto;\">\n<td style=\"cursor: auto;\">\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 1rem; cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">Quality of Written Communication&nbsp;<\/span>Appropriateness of audience and words choice is specific, purposeful, dynamic, and varied. Grammar, spelling, punctuation.&nbsp;(20%)<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 1rem; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\">\n<table style=\"cursor: auto;\">\n<tbody style=\"cursor: auto;\">\n<tr style=\"cursor: auto;\">\n<td style=\"cursor: auto;\">\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 1rem; cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">Inclusion of APNA standards essentials explored in the discussion as well as the role-specific competencies as applicable.<\/span>(10%)<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 1rem; cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">Rigor, currency,&nbsp;&nbsp;and relevance of the scholarly references.<\/span>&nbsp;(Use articles that are below 5 years). (20%)<br style=\"cursor: auto;\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 1rem; cursor: auto;\">\n<div style=\"cursor: auto;\">\n<table style=\"cursor: auto;\">\n<tbody style=\"cursor: auto;\">\n<tr style=\"cursor: auto;\">\n<td style=\"cursor: auto;\">\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 1rem; cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">Peer &amp; Professor Responses.<\/span>&nbsp;The number of responses,&nbsp;quality of response posts. (20%)<\/p>\n<p style=\"cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">Timeliness of the initial post and the answers to the peers. (10%<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Log in Access keysNCBI HomepageMyNCBI HomepageMain ContentMain Navigation Bookshelf Search databaseBooksAll DatabasesAssemblyBiocollectionsBioProjectBioSampleBooksClinVarConserved DomainsdbGaPdbVarGeneGenomeGEO DataSetsGEO ProfilesGTRIdentical Protein GroupsMedGenMeSHNLM CatalogNucleotideOMIMPMCPopSetProteinProtein ClustersProtein Family ModelsPubChem BioAssayPubChem CompoundPubChem SubstancePubMedSNPSRAStructureTaxonomyToolKitToolKitAllToolKitBookgh Search term Search Browse Titles&nbsp; Advanced Help Disclaimer StatPearls [Internet]. Show details Search term &nbsp; Duty to Warn Olga Gorshkalova;&nbsp;Sunil Munakomi. Author Information and Affiliations Last Update:&nbsp;August 28, 2023. Go to: [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"disciplines":[60],"paper_types":[],"tagged":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.writemyessays.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/questions\/33236"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.writemyessays.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/questions"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.writemyessays.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/questions"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.writemyessays.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.writemyessays.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=33236"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.writemyessays.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/questions\/33236\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.writemyessays.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=33236"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"disciplines","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.writemyessays.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/disciplines?post=33236"},{"taxonomy":"paper_types","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.writemyessays.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/paper_types?post=33236"},{"taxonomy":"tagged","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.writemyessays.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tagged?post=33236"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}