{"id":17512,"date":"2024-03-24T19:28:19","date_gmt":"2024-03-24T19:28:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.writemyessays.app\/blog\/questions\/cultural-aspects-of-diplomacy-exogenous-variables-endogenous-variables-and-the-billiard-table-metaphor\/"},"modified":"2024-03-24T19:28:19","modified_gmt":"2024-03-24T19:28:19","slug":"cultural-aspects-of-diplomacy-exogenous-variables-endogenous-variables-and-the-billiard-table-metaphor","status":"publish","type":"questions","link":"https:\/\/www.writemyessays.app\/blog\/questions\/cultural-aspects-of-diplomacy-exogenous-variables-endogenous-variables-and-the-billiard-table-metaphor\/","title":{"rendered":"Cultural Aspects of Diplomacy &#8212; Exogenous Variables, Endogenous Variables, and the &#8220;Billiard Table&#8221; Metaphor"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"margin: 0in 0in 8pt; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.6933px; cursor: auto;\"><b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.5pt; cursor: auto;\">Discussion context<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 14.5pt; cursor: auto;\">:&nbsp;We consider the impact of<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\"><u style=\"cursor: auto;\">culture<\/u><\/b><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span>on<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\">diplomacy<\/b><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span>this week,&nbsp;using the concepts of<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\">endogenous and exogenous variables<\/b>, and the<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\">\u201dbilliard table\u201d metaphor<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/b>to do so.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0in 0in 8pt; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.6933px; cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px; cursor: auto;\">&#8211;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0in 0in 8pt; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.6933px; cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px; cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"font-size: 20px; cursor: auto;\"><strong style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\">Forum Activity<\/strong><\/span>:<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; cursor: auto;\">I want to use this week\u2019s forum to explore more deeply<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><strong style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\">a controversy in this week\u2019s lesson:<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><em style=\"cursor: auto;\">Which type of variable \u2013 exogenous or endogenous \u2013 determines how states behave<\/em><\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0in 0in 8pt; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.6933px; cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px; cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 19px; cursor: auto;\">\n<li style=\"margin: 0in 0in 8pt 0px; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.6933px; cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px; cursor: auto;\">Our<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\">Lesson Notes<\/b><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span>state that<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\"><u style=\"cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 20.6867px; cursor: auto;\">exogenous variables<\/span><\/u><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 20.6867px; cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span>&#8212;<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\">reflecting the<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><i style=\"cursor: auto;\">external forces<\/i><\/b><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\">influencing a state<\/b><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span>like relative power positions, geography, location, rivalries, history, and events that are outside of the state\u2019s power \u2013<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\">determine how states behave<\/b>. Using the<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\">\u201cbilliard table\u201d metaphor<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/b>to illustrate it (<i style=\"cursor: auto;\">representing states, the balls on a table are inanimate and move only by being struck by outside forces<\/i>), this explanation contends that<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\">states make decisions<\/b><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span>based on<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\">what is going on<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><i style=\"cursor: auto;\"><u style=\"cursor: auto;\">outside<\/u><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span>of the state<\/i><\/b>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin: 0in 0in 8pt; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.6933px; cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 20.6867px; cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 19px; cursor: auto;\">\n<li style=\"margin: 0in 0in 8pt 0px; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.6933px; cursor: auto;\"><b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 20.6867px; cursor: auto;\">Samuel Huntington<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 20.6867px; cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span>rejects the validity of the \u201cbilliard table\u201d metaphor (<i style=\"cursor: auto;\">billiard balls on a table are not an accurate representation of how states actually interact<\/i>) and contends instead that<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\"><u style=\"cursor: auto;\">endogenous variables<\/u><\/b><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span>\u2013 like government, bureaucracy, institutions, organization of the government, groupthink, intelligence, political parties, public opinion, media, culture, state capabilities, standard operating procedures, group perceptions and biases, group cognition and capabilities, population, ideology, economic power, and individual leadership \u2013<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\">determine how states behave.<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/b>According to Huntington, since they<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\">reflect the<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><i style=\"cursor: auto;\">internal dynamics<\/i><\/b><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span>\u2013 especially<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\"><i style=\"cursor: auto;\">culture<\/i><\/b><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span>\u2013 impacting a state, the characteristics of local cultures are more important than political or economic ones, and this explanation contends that<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\">states make decisions<\/b><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span>based on<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\">what is going on<\/b><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\"><i style=\"cursor: auto;\"><u style=\"cursor: auto;\">inside<\/u><\/i><\/b><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\"><i style=\"cursor: auto;\">of the state<\/i><\/b>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin: 0in 0in 8pt; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.6933px; cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px; cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0in 0in 8pt; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.6933px; cursor: auto;\"><b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px; cursor: auto;\">Take a position in support of<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><u style=\"cursor: auto;\">one explanation or the other<\/u><\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px; cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span>\u2013<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"cursor: auto;\"><b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\"><i style=\"cursor: auto;\">you are not allowed to argue on behalf of both or create your own hybrid position<\/i><\/b><\/span><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span>\u2013 and<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\">present at least<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><u style=\"cursor: auto;\">two<\/u><\/b><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span>(three is even better!)<span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\">reasons to provide support for your position<\/b>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0in 0in 8pt; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.6933px; cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px; cursor: auto;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; line-height: normal; cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"padding: 0in; font-size: 14.5pt; cursor: auto;\">Note that I&nbsp;<b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\"><u style=\"cursor: auto;\">intentionally<\/u>&nbsp;<i style=\"cursor: auto;\"><u style=\"cursor: auto;\">requiring<\/u><\/i>&nbsp;us to make a &#8220;<i style=\"cursor: auto;\"><u style=\"cursor: auto;\">forced<\/u><\/i>&#8221; choice<\/b>&nbsp;(i.e., choose one or the other and defend your choice) as&nbsp;<b style=\"font-weight: bold; cursor: auto;\">a deliberate educational approach<\/b>&nbsp;to achieve one of the learning objective for this week&#8217;s lesson. Please provide a response within the parameters of this requirement.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; line-height: normal; cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"cursor: auto;\">&#8211;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; line-height: normal; cursor: auto;\"><span style=\"padding: 0in; font-size: 14pt; cursor: auto;\">Please provide support from the lesson material and\/or assigned readings to support each of your assessments by making proper&nbsp;<u style=\"cursor: auto;\">attribution<\/u>&nbsp;to the material that informed your responses.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Discussion context:&nbsp;We consider the impact of&nbsp;culture&nbsp;on&nbsp;diplomacy&nbsp;this week,&nbsp;using the concepts of&nbsp;endogenous and exogenous variables, and the&nbsp;\u201dbilliard table\u201d metaphor&nbsp;to do so. &#8211; Forum Activity:&nbsp;I want to use this week\u2019s forum to explore more deeply&nbsp;a controversy in this week\u2019s lesson:&nbsp;Which type of variable \u2013 exogenous or endogenous \u2013 determines how states behave. &nbsp; Our&nbsp;Lesson Notes&nbsp;state that&nbsp;exogenous variables&nbsp;&#8212;&nbsp;reflecting the&nbsp;external [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"disciplines":[45],"paper_types":[],"tagged":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.writemyessays.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/questions\/17512"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.writemyessays.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/questions"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.writemyessays.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/questions"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.writemyessays.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.writemyessays.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17512"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.writemyessays.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/questions\/17512\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.writemyessays.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17512"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"disciplines","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.writemyessays.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/disciplines?post=17512"},{"taxonomy":"paper_types","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.writemyessays.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/paper_types?post=17512"},{"taxonomy":"tagged","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.writemyessays.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tagged?post=17512"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}