{"id":10075,"date":"2024-01-29T04:49:38","date_gmt":"2024-01-29T04:49:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.writemyessays.app\/blog\/questions\/thesis-law-enforcement-professionals-need-to-develop-a-culture-that-champions-policy-reform-training-and-accountability-to-mitigate-unjustified-uses-of-deadly-force\/"},"modified":"2024-01-29T04:49:38","modified_gmt":"2024-01-29T04:49:38","slug":"thesis-law-enforcement-professionals-need-to-develop-a-culture-that-champions-policy-reform-training-and-accountability-to-mitigate-unjustified-uses-of-deadly-force","status":"publish","type":"questions","link":"https:\/\/www.writemyessays.app\/blog\/questions\/thesis-law-enforcement-professionals-need-to-develop-a-culture-that-champions-policy-reform-training-and-accountability-to-mitigate-unjustified-uses-of-deadly-force\/","title":{"rendered":"THESIS: Law enforcement professionals need to develop a culture that champions policy reform, training, and accountability to mitigate unjustified uses of deadly force."},"content":{"rendered":"

Hello! I have already submitted two assignments in preparation for this paper, an outline and an annotated bibliography. I do not need the paper to be a 100% match, but it needs to be similar to my outline, and at least 8 of the sources I provide need to be used, please. Any other sources used need to be <\/p>\n

peer-reviewed and current as of 2017. The paper needs to be in proper APA format.<\/p>\n
<\/div>\n
Here is what I have submitted so far:<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\n

Outline – Capstone<\/span><\/u><\/b><\/p>\n

Thesis:<\/span><\/u><\/b> Law enforcement professionals need
\nto develop a culture that champions policy reform, training, and accountability
\nto mitigate unjustified uses of deadly force.<\/span><\/p>\n

1)     
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>History
\nof \u2018Use of Force\u2019 legislation<\/span><\/p>\n

a)      
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Supreme
\nCourt rulings<\/span><\/p>\n

i)       
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Tennessee
\nv Garner (1984)<\/span><\/p>\n

ii)     
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Graham
\nv Connor (1989)<\/span><\/p>\n

iii)   
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Thompson
\nv Hubbard (2001)<\/span><\/p>\n

iv)   
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Fourth
\nAmendment: The \u2018reasonableness\u2019 standard<\/span><\/p>\n

b)     
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Current
\nday cases\/headliners<\/span><\/p>\n

i)       
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>President’s
\nTask Force on 21st Century Policing<\/span><\/p>\n

ii)     
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Eric
\nGarner, Michael Brown, Breonna Taylor, George Floyd<\/span><\/p>\n

2)     
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Escalation
\nof Force<\/span><\/p>\n

a)      
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Use
\nof Force Continuum<\/span><\/p>\n

i)       
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Five
\nstages: presence, verbal, empty-hand control, less lethal, lethal <\/span><\/p>\n

b)     
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>When
\nto use<\/span><\/p>\n

i)       
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Imminent
\nthreat of bodily harm<\/span><\/p>\n

ii)     
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Attempting
\nto flee a dangerous crime<\/span><\/p>\n

c)      
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Officer
\nDecision-Making\/Post Trauma<\/span><\/p>\n

i)       
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Mental
\nhealth effects, line of duty killing<\/span><\/p>\n

ii)     
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Use
\nof force statistics<\/span><\/p>\n

3)     
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Policy
\nReforms<\/span><\/p>\n

a)      
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Body-worn
\ncameras<\/span><\/p>\n

i)       
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>History<\/span><\/p>\n

ii)     
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Effectiveness<\/span><\/p>\n

iii)   
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Practical
\nApplication<\/span><\/p>\n

iv)   
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Storage
\nand Review<\/span><\/p>\n

b)     
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>No-knock
\nwarrants<\/span><\/p>\n

i)       
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Legal
\nreview<\/span><\/p>\n

ii)     
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Effectiveness<\/span><\/p>\n

iii)   
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Deaths
\nassociated with no-knock warrants<\/span><\/p>\n

4)     
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Training<\/span><\/p>\n

a)      
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>De-escalation
\nmethods<\/span><\/p>\n

i)       
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Community
\nengagement<\/span><\/p>\n

ii)     
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Incorporating
\nmental health technicians<\/span><\/p>\n

b)     
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Implicit
\nbias training<\/span><\/p>\n

5)     
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Accountability
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

a)      
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Documentation<\/span><\/p>\n

i)       
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Department
\nPolicy<\/span><\/p>\n

ii)     
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Progressive
\ndiscipline<\/span><\/p>\n

iii)   
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Officer
\nblack-listings<\/span><\/p>\n

b)     
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Prosecution<\/span><\/p>\n

i)       
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Standardized<\/span><\/p>\n

ii)     
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Zero-tolerance<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Annotated Bibliography<\/span><\/p>\n

Andersen, J. P., & Gustafsberg,
\nH. (2016). A Training Method to Improve Police Use of Force Decision Making: A
\nRandomized Controlled Trial. SAGE Open, 6(2), 215824401663870-.
\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2158244016638708<\/span><\/p>\n

This research
\narticle, published in SAGE Open, focuses on measuring the effectiveness of a
\nspecific training method designed for improving police use of force
\ndecision-making. To compile their data, the authors conducted a randomized,
\nsupervised study to investigate whether the training intervention has a
\npositive impact on the decision-making skills of law enforcement in situations
\nthat may require use of force. The study focused heavily on the psychological
\nand psychological effects of stress, specifically as it relates to police
\nofficers who deal with a prolonged sense of \u2018fight or flight\u2019. The study also
\ndetails the training method that was analyzed, which is called \u201cinternational
\nperformance resilience and efficiency program\u201d (iPREP). This training leverages
\na dynamic strategy which encompasses classroom knowledge, field training, and
\nincreased levels of opportunity to build officer confidence. I chose to use
\nthis source to highlight an initiative that has already seen positive results.<\/span><\/p>\n

Edwards, F., Lee, H., & Esposito, M. (2019). Risk of being killed by
\npolice use of force in the United States by age, race\u2013ethnicity, and sex. Proceedings
\nof the National Academy of Sciences – PNAS, 116<\/i>(34), 16793\u201316798. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1821204116<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

This research
\narticle, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
\nexplores the threat of people being killed by police use of force in the United
\nStates. To narrow the study, the authors focus on three key delineating
\nfactors: age, race, and sex. The data used in the study is gathered from 2013
\nto 2018 by Fatal Encounters, a journalist-driven initiative to document police
\nkillings. The study also exclusively uses \u2018police force\u2019 deaths and does not
\naccount for individuals who were killed in events such as \u2018suicide by cop\u2019 or
\nvehicle collisions. Lastly, for the findings themselves, results where broken
\ninto 13 different categories: 2 sexes (male\/female), 5 races\/ethnicities
\n(African American, Caucasian, Latin, Native, and Pacific Islander), and 5 age
\ngroups (0-100 in 20-year increments). I chose to use this source to highlight
\nthe statistics, in an effort to identify areas of growth and education, such as
\nbias training and\/or community policing initiatives. <\/span><\/p>\n

Graham v. Connor. (n.d.). Oyez.
\nRetrieved January 28, 2024, from <\/span>https:\/\/www.oyez.org\/cases\/1988\/87-6571<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

This
\nsource covers the landmark case Graham v. Connor, heard by the U.S. Supreme
\nCourt in 1989. The case involved the use of force by law enforcement officers
\nand established the “objective reasonableness” standard for
\nevaluating the constitutionality of such force under the Fourth Amendment. The
\nplaintiff, Graham, suffered injuries during an encounter with the police, and
\nlater sued, arguing that the use of force against him was excessive. The
\nCourt’s decision emphasized the need to assess the reasonableness of an
\nofficer’s actions from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene,
\nconsidering the circumstances, and the information available to the officer at
\nthe time. This case set a precedent for evaluating police use of force and
\nremains a key reference in Fourth Amendment law.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Goh, L. S. (2021). Did
\nde\u2010escalation successfully reduce serious use of force in Camden County, New
\nJersey? A synthetic control analysis of force outcomes. Criminology &
\nPublic Policy, 20(2), 207\u2013241. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1745-9133.12536<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

            <\/span>In
\nthis study published in Criminology & Public Policy, the author, Li Goh,
\nexamines the effectiveness of de-escalation strategies in reducing serious use
\nof force incidents in Camden County, New Jersey. The research employs a
\nsynthetic control analysis to assess the impact of de-escalation measures. The
\narticle provides current insights into the relationship between de-escalation
\nefforts and force outcomes. By focusing on a specific location, the study
\ncontributes valuable information to the ongoing discussion on law enforcement
\ntactics, with potential implications for policy development and the reduction
\nof serious use of force incidents.<\/span><\/p>\n

Komarovskaya, I., Maguen, S., McCaslin, S. E., Metzler, T.
\nJ., Madan, A., Brown, A. D., Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Henn-Haase, C., &
\nMarmar, C. R. (2011). The impact of killing and injuring others on mental
\nhealth symptoms among police officers. Journal of Psychiatric Research<\/i>, 45<\/i>(10),
\n1332\u20131336. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2011.05.004<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

This study investigates
\nthe psychological effects law enforcement may have due to killing or injuring
\nsomeone in the line of duty. The research was published in the Journal of
\nPsychiatric Research in 2011 and is authored by a team led by Dr. Komarovskaya,
\na New York based psychologist who specializes in trauma. This study is important
\nbecause it addresses the often-neglected impact of lethal force use by law
\nenforcement and their overall mental health well-being. When applied to the
\nstatistics of officers who employ use of force more than once, it suggests a
\npossible correlation. Understanding this data could be crucial in the
\ndevelopment of post-critical incident care and departmental policy following a
\nuse of force event.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

National Institute of Justice, “Research on Body-Worn
\nCameras and Law Enforcement,” January 7, 2022, nij.ojp.gov:<\/span>

\n<\/span>https:\/\/nij.ojp.gov\/topics\/articles\/research-body-worn-cameras-and-law-enforcement<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

This article discusses
\nthe research conducted on the use of body-worn cameras by law enforcement
\nagencies. Body-worn cameras are devices worn by officers to record interactions
\nwith the public, and their implementation has become widespread in recent
\nyears. The article highlights key research findings related to the impact of
\nbody-worn cameras on officer behavior, community-police relations, and the
\ncriminal justice system. It serves as a valuable resource to understand the
\neffectiveness and implications of body-worn cameras in the context of law
\nenforcement practices.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

National Institute of Justice, “The Use-of-Force
\nContinuum,” August 3, 2009, nij.ojp.gov:<\/span>

\n<\/span>https:\/\/nij.ojp.gov\/topics\/articles\/use-force-continuum<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

This article discusses
\nthe concept of the use-of-force continuum, which is a framework that law
\nenforcement agencies use to guide officers on the appropriate level of force in
\ndifferent situations. The scale includes a range of options, from verbal
\ncommands to lethal force, and is designed to help officers respond
\nproportionally to the level of resistance or threat they encounter. The article
\nemphasizes the importance of training, decision-making, and officer discretion
\nwithin this framework to ensure that the use of force aligns with legal and
\nethical standards. The article serves as a resource for law enforcement
\nprofessionals and the public to understand the principles behind the
\nuse-of-force continuum.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Police Unionism, Accountability, and Misconduct. (2023).
\nAnnual Review of Criminology. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-criminol-030421-034244<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

This article, published
\nin the Annual Review of Criminology, studies the relationship between police
\nunionism, accountability, and instances of misconduct within law enforcement.
\nThe study critically examines how police unions may influence accountability
\nmechanisms and address issues of misconduct within police departments. By
\nexploring the dynamics between union activities and the maintenance of
\nprofessional standards, this source contributes to a broader understanding of
\nthe challenges and implications associated with police unionism in the context
\nof law enforcement accountability. Positive trends identified in this source
\ncould be incorporated to develop progressive discipline models and an
\naccountability framework for law enforcement officers involved in use-of-force
\nincidents.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Price, J. H., & Payton, E. (2017). Implicit Racial Bias
\nand Police Use of Lethal Force: Justifiable Homicide or Potential
\nDiscrimination? Journal of African American Studies (New Brunswick, N.J.),
\n21(4), 674\u2013683. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12111-017-9383-3<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

            <\/span>This study, published
\nin the Journal of African American Studies, explores the relationship between
\nimplicit racial bias and police use of lethal force. The study aims to
\nunderstand whether implicit racial bias influences decisions leading to
\njustifiable homicides or if it may contribute to potential discrimination. The
\nauthors examine this issue in the context of police encounters, particularly
\ninstances where lethal force is used. The study utilizes empirical data to
\nanalyze the correlation between implicit racial bias and law enforcement
\nactions, providing insights into the complex dynamics surrounding police use of
\nlethal force. The article is useful to understand the role of implicit bias in
\npolicing and its potential implications for justifiable homicides and
\ndiscrimination.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Stoughton, S. W., Mclean, K., Nix, J., & Alper, G.
\n(2022). POLICING SUSPICION: QUALIFIED IMMUNITY AND \u201cCLEARLY ESTABLISHED\u201d
\nSTANDARDS OF PROOF. CrimRxiv, 112(1), 37\u201378. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21428\/cb6ab371.ccfee09e<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

            <\/span>In this
\npeer-reviewed article, the authors study the relationship between the fourth
\namendment, standards of proof, and qualified immunity. The article includes
\nnumerous literature reviews, including one that examines the standards and
\nlevels of proof and another that dissects the legal ramifications of qualified
\nimmunity. While not specifically related to the topic of use of force, this
\narticle does relate because officers who employ use of force and are later
\nprosecuted, may apply for qualified immunity. The article suggests a more
\nrigorous approach to concepts such as probably cause and reasonable suspicion,
\na rhetoric that can possibly be applied to use of force policy.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Stevens, H. L. (2022). \u201cI Don\u2019t Have a Gun Stop Shooting\u201d:
\nRhetorical Analysis of Law Enforcement Use of Force Policy Documents. IEEE
\nTransactions on Professional Communication, 65<\/i>(1), 104\u2013117. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TPC.2022.3144824<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

            <\/span>In this
\npeer-reviewed article, the author conducts an inquest into \u2018use of force\u2019
\npolicies to identify possible tone and language that further promotes
\noppressive ideology. Specifically highlighting use of force injustices, such as
\nthe case of George Floyd, the author theorizes that law enforcement departments
\nneed to do more than simply update their use of force policy. In the study, the
\nauthor compares two law enforcement departments, one who has a robust and
\nsuccessful use of force policy, Camden City Police Department, New Jersey and another
\nwho\u2019s is not as successful, the Minneapolis Police Department, Minesota. The
\nstudy examines each departments policy, highlighting key words, phrases and
\nconcepts as it relates to the use of force within their organizations. The
\nstudy concludes major differences between the two policies and denotes
\noppressive language within policies such as this will continue to tip the
\nscales of social justice.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Tennessee v. Garner. (n.d.). Oyez. Retrieved January 28,
\n2024, from <\/span>https:\/\/www.oyez.org\/cases\/1984\/83-1035<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

            <\/span>This source
\ncovers the case of Tennessee v. Garner, a significant U.S. Supreme Court case
\nfrom 1985. The case involved the use of deadly force by law enforcement against
\na fleeing suspect. The Court addressed the constitutionality of a Tennessee
\nstatute that allowed police to use deadly force to prevent the escape of a
\nfleeing felon. The Court ruled that the use of deadly force to apprehend a
\nfleeing suspect is a “seizure” under the Fourth Amendment. The Court
\nwent on to say the such force is only constitutional if it is necessary to
\nprevent the escape of a suspect, if the officer has probable cause to believe
\nthe suspect poses a significant threat of physical harm to others. This
\ndecision set standards for the use of deadly force by law enforcement,
\nbalancing public safety with the protection of individual constitutional
\nrights.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hello! I have already submitted two assignments in preparation for this paper, an outline and an annotated bibliography. I do not need the paper to be a 100% match, but it needs to be similar to my outline, and at least 8 of the sources I provide need to be used, please. Any other sources […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"disciplines":[34],"paper_types":[],"tagged":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.writemyessays.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/questions\/10075"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.writemyessays.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/questions"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.writemyessays.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/questions"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.writemyessays.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.writemyessays.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10075"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.writemyessays.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/questions\/10075\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.writemyessays.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10075"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"disciplines","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.writemyessays.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/disciplines?post=10075"},{"taxonomy":"paper_types","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.writemyessays.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/paper_types?post=10075"},{"taxonomy":"tagged","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.writemyessays.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tagged?post=10075"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}