Larry J. Siegel 2018. Criminology: Theories, Patterns and Typologies, 13th Edition. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

Questions with a and b count as one question.  

  Question 1: a). Racial and ethnic differences in crime rates may be tied to institutional and structural racism, economic and social disparity, and other factors. Discuss.

b). Persistent offenders – referred to as career or chronic offenders are involved in many delinquent behaviors and later become adult criminals. Unlike most offenders, they do not age out of crime. Explain the suspected causes of chronicity and the implications of the chronic offender concept.

Question 2: Some criminologists believe that people may become victims of crime because their lifestyle increases their exposure to criminal offenders. Others become victims because they are exposed to dangerous places or because motivated offenders specifically target them.

a) Compare and contrast the most significant theories of victimization.

b) Evaluate the various programs dedicated to caring for victims of crime.

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