How stable have the party systems in the United Kingdom and Germany been over the past two decades? What patterns of continuity and change can be identified, and how can these be best explained? use a comparative approach, consider time series analysis

References: United Kingdom

1. References: Germany UK in a Changing Europe. (2023). Is the party over for Britain’s two-party system?
2. https://ukandeu.ac.uk/is-the-party-over-for-britains-two-party-system
3. Capture Politics. (2023). The increased unpredictability of UK politics.
4. https://www.capturepolitics.co.uk/post/the-increased-unpredictability-of-uk-politics
5. Tryl, L. (2025). Poll: Reform UK could win most seats in a general election.
6. The Sun.
7. https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/politics/36027347/luke-tryl-nigel-farage-coalition-poll
8. Fieldhouse, E., et al. (2020). Electoral volatility and realignment in the UK: Evidence from the British Election Study.
9. Party Politics, 26(5), 613–624.
10. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1354068820917628

References: Germany

1. Deutsche Welle (DW). (2024). Germany’s political landscape is more fractured than ever.
2. https://www.dw.com/en/germa nys-political-landscape-is-more-fractured-than-ever/a-70211395
3. LSE EUROPP Blog. (2025). Can Friedrich Merz navigate Germany’s fragmented political landscape?
4. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2025/03/06/can-friedrich-merz-navigate-germanys-fragmented-political-landscape
5. The New Yorker. (2024). Tracking the threats to German democracy.
6. https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/tracking-the-threats-to-german-democracy
7. SGI Network – Sustainable Governance Indicators. (2020). Germany – Key challenges.
8. https://www.sgi-network.org/2020/Germany/Key_Challenges
9. Cambridge University Press. (2023). The heat is on in the German Bundestag: Coalitions, conflicts and hot politics.
10. PS: Political Science & Politics.
11. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ps-political-science-and-politics/article/heat-is-on-in-the-german-bundestag-coalitions-conflicts-and-consequences-of-hot-politics/98FF9220D7995275EB4A3259B96E7F24
12. Federal Republic of Germany – Wikipedia. Grand Coalition (Germany).
13. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_coalition_(Germany)
14. International IDEA. (2024). Germany – Democracy Tracker.
15. https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/country/germany
16. GIS Reports. (2023). German politics: Decline of the political center.
17. https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/german-politics

NOTE: it is a comparative essay so make links between them.