strictly follow all instructions in the attached documents; important points are in red and the bullet ponts are what the heading should be for the essay; also follow marking rubric
below is just the outline of the essay but PLEASE FOLLOW THE ATTACHED DOCUMENTS FOR DETAILED INFORMATION
ASSIGNMENT INSTRUCTIONS AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION
INSTRUCTION FOR FORMAT OF ESSAY
· Strictly UK English
· 1st sentence indent
· 10 REFERENCES
· Use Times New Roman, font size 12
· 1.5 line spacing
· Headings not underlined, just bolded
· No bullets or numbering
· Main title heading of the essay in the centre
· Read the background information of the assignment topic
· Referencing APA 7th edition
· 10 Additional journal articles – no websites or blogs; ONLY journal articles; newspaper articles and case studies from journal and newspaper articles (these articles must be highly relevant to the topic; these articles must be incorporated using critical thinking and drawing evidence and examples from them)
· Use the attached document labelled “MARKING RUBRIC” to guide the writeup of this essay – the lecturer will be marking according to this rubric so CLOSELY stick to the Rubric expectations
3000 WORDS limit
– excluding reference list, table of contents and cover page
– put wordcount at the end of essay
– don’t have to include in-text referencing in the wordcount if it goes over
– no marks beyond 3000 words or below 2500 words
Essay Question
In an essay format of no more than 3000 words (minimum 2000 words), discuss how identities are not static, but continuously change depending on the context, and time. Choose a theoretical basis for your argument, and substantiate it with examples from this excerpt from the article by Langa (2017).
Background Information:
“Over the last few years, a number of studies have been conducted on township masculinities (Langa, 2010; Chili, 2013; Ratele, 2013). However, many of these have tended to focus on problems associated with young black men, ranging from poor academic performance (Bhana, 2005) to gangsterism (Pinnock & Douglas-Hamilton, 1997; Salo, 2007; Pinnock, 2016), substance abuse (Morojele & Ramsoomar, 2016), and violent crime (Seedat et al, 2009; Langa & Masuku, 2015). The dominant discourse that has emerged out of these studies is that young black men are more likely [than young men of other races] to engage in risky and violent behaviours. The construction of hegemonic masculinity has been found to be a key element in these risk-taking behaviours. According to Connell (1995), hegemonic masculinity is the term used to refer to the dominant cultural stereotype of masculinity. This includes, for example, the dominant social construction of men as brave, strong, aggressive, and resilient, in many societies. The other dominant cultural stereotypes associated with hegemonic masculinity also suggest that a real man is evidenced in the ability to demand sexual intercourse with multiple partners. Accordingly, hegemonic masculinity is predominantly encapsulated in being a heterosexual, healthy, competitive male who sees women as sexual objects and competes against other males for access to women (Connell, 1995; Niehaus, 2005). In general, hegemonic versions of masculinity give primacy to the belief that gender is not negotiable and do not accept evidence from feminist and other sources that the relationships between men and women are, in many aspects, politically and socially constructed. Since then, a lot of criticisms have been levelled against Connell’s conception of hegemonic masculinity. Morrell, Jewkes and Lindegger (2012) raised a concern about how the term hegemonic masculinity is often used in the existing scholarship in South Africa. The concept is given a specific, fixed content and purpose. As a result, it has lost its fluidity and flexibility as some researchers tend to use the term rigidly (Morrell et al, 2012). Another major criticism was that Connell failed to look sufficiently at the discursive strategies that men and boys employ to resist dominant voices of hegemonic masculinity and that the categories he describes (hegemonic, subordinated, marginalised, and complicit) may not always be easily distinguishable and may also be too limited in describing varieties of positioning and strategic engagement with hegemonic masculinity in particular contexts (Wetherell & Edley, 1999; Donaldson, 2003). Later, Connell (2000; 2005) accepted some of these criticisms that hegemonic masculinity is characterised by the constant process of negotiation, translation and reconfiguration in order to adapt to new historical times and contexts. This shows that the identity of being a male is not static” (Langa, 2017, p. 61).
REFERENCE TO THIS INFORMATION:
Langa, M. (2017). Boys to men: Narrating life stories of fatherhood and work life amongst young black men. Psychology in Society (55), 61-83.
COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY ASSIGNMENT BRIEF TO STRICTLY FOLLOW
Ø Write an essay on identities and how identities are not static
Ø Identities change based on time and context (this point must be driven throughout the essay)
Ø Choose a theoretical basis – that will help explain identity; a theory of community psychology – SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVIST THEORY
Ø Use examples from the article; background information
Ø Write what is necessary in the context of SOUTH AFRICA
Ø Use the background information throughout the whole essay to provide examples and support your evidence from articles. Background information is important to add in every single point
Essay Question:
In an essay format of no more than 3000 words (minimum 2000 words), discuss how identities are not static, but continuously change depending on the context, and time. Choose a theoretical basis for your argument and substantiate it with examples from this excerpt from the article by Langa (2017). I AM CHOOSING SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONIST THEORY
Use the following points as a guide for headings: each point must be included in this essay
· Begin with a paragraph which explains what your theoretical position is and briefly describe the key areas that you will discuss in the main body of your essay. (10 marks)
This will be the introduction, give relevant background information (RELATED TO SOUTH AFRICA)
Provide a little bit of context for the essay. Give a bit of background information, this could include stats or explain the topic in a bit more detail. Whatever would make the introduction flow and engage the reader. EMPHASISE HOW IDENTITIES ARE NOT STATIC
USE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONIST THEORY
What are the main concepts of this theory
What is the key terminology that is used in this theory
Use this terminology throughout the essay; use the words that align with the theory
Give an outline on how this theory will help analyse identity formation
Then you have to put a thesis statement (position statement)
This includes something that gives the position of the writer and essay
Then provide the signposting… “this essay will discuss “and put it in the chronological order of the headings and topics being discussed
This section can be neatly split in paragraphs under the heading INTRODUCTION
· With reference to imperialism and its effects on the colonisation of South Africa, discuss why earlier psychological studies on township masculinities may have tended to focus on problems associated with young black men. (10 marks) 3 paragraphs
What were the effect of imperialism on the colonisation of South Africa
Look at historical, social and psychological factors or impacts that contribute to the focus (Why did studies focus on the problems that were associated with young black men in South Africa – earlier studies focused on problems – how does imperialism fit into this)
Look at violence and crime, introduce hegemonic masculinity (but don’t explain the concept in detail)
Look at historical power dynamics that existed in research (think about what the research at the time was revolved around, Black men? White men?)
Add in hints of social constructionist theory to link the information but no detail of the theory itself
Circle round to how identities are not static (this point must be driven throughout the essay)
· Next, define the term ‘hegemonic masculinity’. What impact has the change from apartheid to post-apartheid South Africa had on the hegemonic masculinity of young black men? Draw on examples from the excerpt to illustrate your points. (20 marks) 4 paragraphs
Definition; context; theory and supporting evidence (important to add much information here worth 20% of the mark)
Define hegemonic masculinity
Connell hegemonic theory
Look at the impact of the transition from apartheid to post-apartheid south africa on hegemonic masculinity of young black men
How did this influence young black men
What happened before apartheid and what happened after: identities changed because of time and context. Bring in the context of apartheid and post
USE THE EXERT AND THE BACKGROUND INFORMATION TO SUPPORT THE DISCUSSION
Look at how masculinity constructed and re-constructed (use chosen theory here to analyse this and explain – SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONIST THEORY)
Explain both identities from both the times and context
· Explain the importance of the theoretical position you have chosen from a decolonial perspective and how this theoretical position can strengthen psychology’s role as a solution to colonialism. (10 marks) chosen theory
Mention, define and give examples of the chosen theory – SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONIST
Decolonial perspective
Importance of the theory; why is the theory’s position important from a decolonial perspective; what is it going to contribute or do.
how does the theoretical position enhance psychology’s role as a solution to colonialism; highlight the importance and the roles of local knowledge in decolonialisation
highlight the importance and role of local knowledge in decolonialisation
· From your theoretical position, discuss the problems associated with Connell’s concept of hegemonic masculinity. How does this relate to the connection between language, psychology, and local knowledge? Use evidence from the case to support your argument. (20 marks) more writing, more critical thinking (focus on this point, it is worth 20% of the paper)
Critique CONNELLS THEORY FROM A SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONIST POV
Use chosen theory
What are the problems associated with the concept of hegemonic masculinity – what are the limitations of this
Look at relationship between language, psychology and local knowledge from social constructionist point of view
CRITICAL THINKING IS VERY VERY IMPORTANT HERE
Highlight the strengths and limitations in the critique from the social constructionist pov
· Discuss the ideological impact of colonialism on identity with specific reference to masculinity. Draw on academic resources over and above your prescribed text. (10 marks)
ideological impact of colonialism on identity
Specifically relate it to masculinity (first mention the impact in general then relate it to masculinity)
IDEOLOGIES: MENTION THESE IDEOLOGIES AND RELATE TO MASUCLINITY AND COLONIALISM IN DISCUSSION
1. Economic exploitation;
2. Cultural superiority (colonisers tries to civilise indigenous populations);
3. Political domination (they had the belief that they had the right to govern and control other nation, they imposed their political systems and laws);
4. Racial hierarchies (Europeans regarded themselves as superior and the justified discrimination and unequal treatment)
Explain and add the traumatic impact on the people that were colonialised MENTION THE FOLLOWING POINTS IN DISCUSSION
Impact on masculinity
1. hegemonic masculinity: colonisers imposed own ideals of masculinity (ideals are dominant, control and aggression);
2. led to marginalisation of indigenous masculinity;
3. violence & control (colonial ideology associated masculinity with violence and control);
4. reinforce idea that true masculinity involved power and domination.
5. cultural displacement – indigenous masculinity is undermined (disrupted traditional cultural heritage and identities);
6. economic exploitation (forced men into roles that emphasise physical labour and serving) this shapes identity and perceptions of masculinity;
7. resistance and adaptation (colonial oppression – men adapt masculinity in order to survive; forming new identities that blend traditional and colonial identities)
· A conclusion drawing your discussion together and highlighting your main points in relation to how identities are not static, but continuously change depending on the context, and time. (10 marks) 300 words
Putting everything together
Take all points and point to evidence that identities are not static and change continuously
· Present your essay in the correct structure. I.e. Introduction, body, conclusion, and reference list. (5 marks)
· All headings should be bolded
· INTRODUCTION, use each bullet point to guide the structure and names of headings for the CONTENT section, CONCLUSION, REFERENCES (new page)
· Reference list and IN-TEXT REFERENCING should be APA 7TH EDITION
· Use at least 10 journal articles. This section is marked separately from the referencing rubric. (5 marks)
ANSWER ALL BULET POINTS IN THE ESSAY
NOTES
Don’t just be descriptive
USE THE BACKGROUND INFORMATION IN DISCUSSION
IN TEXT REFERNEC EVERYTHING (each paragraph at least 5 references)
Important that theoretical framework and the connection made between points in the essay is evident
Can ask ai if you are coming from critical psychology pov, what is the type of words to use; weave into discussion; but then incorporate this in your own words