How have—and how might—laws (such as tort law as in A Civil Action, the Clean Air and Clean Water Acts, NEPA, CERCLA/Superfund and RCRA, and the Endangered Species Act), policies, and social groups (including environmental groups and business organizations) approached the protection of non-human animal species (whether it is protecting animals in Los Angeles County or elsewhere in the U.S. or those affected by the B.P. and Exxon Valdez oil spills, nuclear waste disposal, timber-cutting, mining, or pollution in Woburn, Massachusetts) and the issue of whether protecting non-human animal species helps protect the environment and benefits humans? How effective have these laws, policies, and social groups been in cleaning up environmental pollution? What environmental perspectives that we have examined (e.g., environmental justice, sustainable development, environmental rights, and utilitarianism) are these laws’, policies’, and social groups’ approaches to environmental protection based on?